基于船载走航气溶胶质谱技术的海洋气溶胶研究

利用船载走航单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪(SPAMS)对东南沿海海洋气溶胶进行在线观测,获得了近岸海区大气气溶胶化学组成分布特性,并对气溶胶谱特征及其来源进行分析.结果表明:从近岸到远海,气溶胶的浓度呈下降趋势;在近岸海区气溶胶主要受港口及码头周边的汽车、船舶及燃煤等工业排放源的影响;随着离陆地距离的增加,海源性气溶胶的比重上升;海洋气溶胶在观测范围内呈单峰分布,峰值粒径在0.5μm左右,大多数颗粒主要集中在0.2~0.8μm的粒径段;近岸气溶胶元素碳谱峰强,正谱图中K~+元素具有很强的谱峰,负离子谱中HSO_4~-谱峰信号明显,但缺少NO_3~-和NO_2~-谱峰信号;远海气溶胶中元素碳的谱峰强度明显降低,正谱图中Na~+的谱峰很强,并出现Mg~+、Ca~+和NaCl~+的谱峰信号;负离子谱出现了明显的海洋生物特征气溶胶甲基磺酸MSA~-、CN~-、O~-和HSO_4~-等的谱峰信息.表明该观测海区的气溶胶组成复杂,同时受陆源排放气溶胶和海源气溶胶的影响.     

水华藻斑漂移速度时变特征研究

以太湖水华藻斑为研究对象,采用自主研发的藻斑漂移原位观测技术,研究分析了不同时间尺度下太湖蓝藻水华易发区藻斑漂移速度的变化特征.结果表明：日内藻斑漂移速率在（0.0793±0.0135）~（0.146±0.0318）m/s范围内变化,藻斑漂移速度的北向分量在-0.0896~0.0247m/s之间,东向分量在-0.0157~0.0029m/s之间.漂移速率日均值变化呈现出锯齿式交替特征即增加-减少-再增加的往复循环,变化范围为（0.0499±0.0141）~（0.1580±0.0120）m/s,漂移方向以北向为主.藻斑漂移速度的月际变化明显,6月~8月,向东漂移的占比逐渐降低,而向西漂移的占比逐渐增加,此期间漂移方向均以北向为主.漂移速率6月上旬最小,均值为0.0680m/s,7月上旬达到最大,均值为0.1350m/s,7月中旬~8月下旬水华藻斑漂移速率在0.0800m/s附近波动.     

河北省中南部对流层CH4时空分布特征的飞机探测研究

为研究河北省中南部对流层内CH₄时空分布特征,2018年6~7月利用空中国王350飞机搭载高精度CH₄分析仪和相关辅助设备,对河北中南部城市上空（600~5500m）CH₄浓度进行飞机探测.探测期间共飞行4架次,取得7组CH₄浓度垂直廓线数据.结果表明：探测期间CH₄浓度最小值为1884×10^-9,最大值为2038×10^-9,多架次垂直方向上平均浓度为（1915±90）×10^-9.不同探测架次CH₄浓度随高度变化趋势有较好的一致性,随高度增加,均出现先增大后减小,后稳定不变的趋势,且在混合层顶以下（约1000m）存在明显分界线.1000m以下,同高度层CH₄浓度变化较大,不同架次间浓度相差最大值达124×10^-9,同一架次CH₄浓度的垂直梯度变化受大气层结影响明显,位温垂直梯度接近零时,CH₄浓度的垂直梯度变化不明显.1000m以上,CH₄浓度垂直随高度增加呈指数减小,同高度层CH₄浓度变化较小,变化偏差在平均值的5%以内,4000m以上,同高度层CH₄浓度振幅最小,差值<15×10^-9,此时浓度可代表该区域背景大气的平均浓度.石家庄上空同高度层CH₄浓度白天整体大于夜间,随高度降低差值变大,说明石家庄白天CH₄排放源强度大于夜间.     

南京、新沂地震台地电地磁同场观测对地磁干扰的改善

根据南京地震台一系列地电地磁同场观测时对地磁干扰的研究试验结果,南京地震台在新地电场地建设和新沂地震台在地电外线路的改造中,都注意使供电线路的“单线段”远离地磁观测室,使地电对地磁的干扰得到了明显的改善。     

基于不同周期PM2.5组成高时间分辨观测的PMF源解析研究

于2017年1月1日—12月31日对南京市城区大气细粒子(PM_2.5)化学组分（元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分）的小时质量浓度进行连续观测,采用正矩阵因子分析（Positive Matrix Factorization,PMF）模型分别基于全年观测数据（PMF全年）和逐月观测数据（PMF月份）进行源解析,比较不同观测周期源解析结果的差异以及对PM_2.5各组分浓度估算的准确性.结果表明：不同观测周期下,PMF源解析结果中因子类型未发生改变,但因子组成和贡献分布存在较大差异.由于PMF模型假设同一观测周期内源成分谱不发生变化,只有基于逐月观测数据的PMF源解析才能体现全年范围内因子组成和贡献分布的变化.尽管PMF全年和PMF月份的分析结果均能准确估算PM_2.5组分的月均浓度,但PMF月份结果对各组分小时浓度的估算值和观测值在时间变化上更一致.这是因为PMF模型要求对各组分浓度的平均值进行拟合,易低估（或高估）PM_2.5组分在观测周期内的极大（或极小）值.因此,基于短期（例如,月份）高分辨观测数据的PMF分析...     

Ticketing aggressive cars and trucks (TACT): How does it work on city streets?

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of modifying the Ticking Aggressive Cars and Trucks (TACT) program, originally designed to work on state highways, within a metropolitan area to reduce unsafe interactions and their related crashes between drivers of large trucks and passenger vehicles.

Methods: Using crash data, the driving behaviors most commonly associated with large truck and passenger vehicle crashes were identified. A public awareness campaign using media messaging and increased law enforcement was created targeting these associated behaviors. The frequency of these behaviors both before and after the public awareness campaign was determined through observation of traffic at 3 specific locations within the city. Each location had a sufficient volume of large truck and passenger traffic to observe frequent interactions. Pre- and postintervention data were compared using negative binomial regression with generalized estimating equations to evaluate whether the campaign was associated with a reduction in the identified driving behaviors.

Results: A comparison between crash data from before, during, and after the campaign and crashes during the same time periods in previous years did not show a significant difference (P =.081). The number of large trucks observed in traffic remained the same during pre- and postintervention periods (P =.625). The rates of negative interactions per 100 large trucks decreased for both large trucks and passenger vehicles after the intervention, with calculated rate ratios of 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48, 0.70) and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.20, 0.47). The greatest reduction was seen in passenger vehicles following too close, with a rate ratio of 0.21 (95% CI, 0.15, 0.30).

Conclusions: Although designed for reducing crashes on highways, the TACT program can be an effective approach for improving driver behaviors on city streets.     

Pedestrian crossing behavior,an observational study in the city of Ushuaia,Argentina

Objectives: Pedestrian crashes are a critical problem in Latin American countries. However, little research has been published about pedestrians and even less about their behaviors in a naturalistic context. The objective of the present research was to explore risky pedestrian crossing behaviors in traffic intersections in an argentine city (Ushuaia). It is focused in different stages of the crossing process, traffic code violations, and other potentially risky behaviors such as distractions. A high frequency of risky behaviors among pedestrians was expected. Moreover, according to previous findings, it was hypothesized that men and younger pedestrians would show riskier behaviors.

Methods: Participants were 802 pedestrians (53.9% females) observed at several intersections (with and without traffic lights) in the city of Ushuaia. Behaviors were codified following a standardized observation protocol. Observers documented information on behavior previous to, during, and after crossing. Gender and age were also registered. Data were gathered through video recording. Frequency analyses of observed behaviors were conducted for the total sample, as well as by gender and by age group. A general crossing risk index was calculated to facilitate comparisons between the genders and age groups. We conducted an analysis of variance to evaluate gender and age differences for this index.

Results: A high proportion of risky behaviors were observed among pedestrians. The majority of pedestrian waited in the street (as opposed to on the sidewalk) before crossing, did not comply with traffic lights, or crossed outside the crosswalk. A large number of pedestrians were distracted while crossing. Men presented higher scores on risky behaviors than women. No differences were observed by age group.

Conclusions: The high level of risk behaviors during the different stages of street crossing is worrisome and reinforces the idea that pedestrians are responsible for many of the conflicts with motorists. Many of the risky behaviors seem to be associated with gender, which is in line with the previous literature showing more risk behaviors among men than among women. No differences were found for age group. Findings are interpreted considering some features of the Argentine road culture.     

干旱区云凝结核分布及其影响因子的观测研究

利用DMT CCN仪对宁夏盐池、银川地区地面及高空的云凝结核(CCN)进行实时连续观测.大量资料分析结果表明, CCN日变化明显,受人为因素影响,清晨和傍晚出现高值.夜晚温度与CCN浓度呈正相关,白天相反;强降水对CCN具有一定冲刷作用;沙尘气溶胶没有有效增加盐池地区的CCN浓度.与华北地区比较,银川、盐池地区CCN浓度偏低.此外,研究表明,过饱和度越高,活化CCN浓度越大.根据N=CSK拟合活化谱,银川属于典型大陆性核谱.由于云内清除作用,高空CCN浓度下降明显,但逆温层的存在使得该区CCN浓度累积增加.     

基于遥感-过程耦合模型的地表蒸散量应用研究

作为陆面过程中地气相互作用的重要过程之一,蒸散发(Evapotranspiration,ET)在地球的大气圈-水圈-生物圈中发挥着重要作用。利用遥感-过程耦合模型BEPS,以中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料为主要输入,模拟分析了2007-2009年美国区域的地表ET,同时利用通量观测网AmeriFlux的站点观测数据验证该模型在ET模拟研究中的可靠性与适应。结果表明：12个站点通量实测值与BEPS模型模拟的ET值的相关系数为0.7297(P<0.05),表明BEPS模型能够较好的模拟研究区的地表ET。ET在1年内呈现明显的单峰趋势,5-9月ET值较高,可达60 mm·mon-1以上,最小值在1月份,值为8.39 mm·mon-1,最大值在7月份,值为118.04 mm·mon-1。该区域ET的平均年总量为505 mm·a-1。受地形、气候的影响,ET最高值对应于南部区域,这些地区ET的年总量普遍在600 mm·a-1以上,最高值为1667 mm·a-1,对应的主要覆被类型为草地和农田;中北部和东部的大部分区域ET年总量为400~600 mm·a-1;ET最小值在西部区域,年总量小于400 mm·a-1,对应覆被类型为疏林地和混交林。降水量与ET差值呈现从东向西逐渐递减的趋势,最小值主要分布在西部沙漠。整个研究区域ET与降水量之比的平均值为0.72,由东向西基本呈现增加趋势,在西部以及中北部的部分地区比值达到最大。     

大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全监控预警系统设计

大型石油、天然气、成品油,易燃易爆,储罐群区危险物质存量大,极易引起灾难性的事故发生。如何在经济高速发展过程中保证安全,是安全生产急需解决的技术难题。本文系统设计面向大型油气(危化品)储罐区安全管理工作的实际需要,兼顾罐区安全管理、实时监控预警及应急救援等多方面的工作,设计一套技术先进、运行成熟、操作简单、扩展性好、容易维护和使用方便的油品储罐区安全监控预警系统,实现大型油气储罐区安全管控一体化,确保大型油气储罐的生产安全和社会安全发展。